盤點(diǎn)全球生物安全頂級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(BSL4, P4)

2016年3月24日 | Filed under: 制藥工業(yè),新藥研發(fā),文獻(xiàn)綜合 | Posted by: 王守業(yè)

作者：王守業(yè)

近日埃博拉疫情的日益嚴(yán)峻，美國(guó)疾控中心和世界衛(wèi)生組織都將埃博拉疫情響應(yīng)升至最高級(jí)別，這也使媒體對(duì)埃博拉病毒關(guān)注的目光，轉(zhuǎn)向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也幾乎是必備神器?生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，生物安全實(shí)驗(yàn)室共分4級(jí)(Biosafety Level 1-4), 生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室又常被稱為P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，這個(gè)P可不是個(gè)屁，是指Pathogen（病原） or Protection（保護(hù)）。說(shuō)生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室是生物安全頂級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，不僅僅是指生物安全方面是頂級(jí)的，最高的，其造價(jià)也是最貴的，因此，數(shù)量很少，即使是在全球范圍內(nèi)，生物安全4級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室也只有56個(gè)，這還包括一些正在建設(shè)中的（參見(jiàn)下表）。

序號(hào)	? ? ? 名 ? 字	? ? 位 ? 置	建設(shè)時(shí)間	? ? ? ?說(shuō) ? 明
1	Virology ?Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health	Australia, ?Queensland, Coopers Plains
2	Korea ?Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)	Osong, ?Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea	2013
3	University ?of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal ?Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)	Australia, ?Queensland, Herston
4	Australian ?Animal Health Laboratory	Australia, ?Victoria, Geelong
5	National ?High Security Laboratory	Australia, ?Victoria, North Melbourne		National ?High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria ?Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.
6	Republican ?Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology	Belarus, ?Minsk		Department ?of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies
7	National ?Microbiology Laboratory	Canada, ?Manitoba, Winnipeg		Located ?at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly ?operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food ?Inspection Agency.
8	Wuhan ?Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences	China, ?Hubei, Wuhan	2003	Wuhan ?Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 ?facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original ?technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level ?4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.
9	Biological ?Defense Center	Czech ?Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín	1971, ?rebuilt 2003-2007	Located ?at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13]
10	Laboratoire ?P4 Jean Mérieux	France, ?Rh?ne-Alpes, Lyon	1999	Jean ?Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and ?INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4.
11	Centre ?International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville	Gabon	2013	This ?facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese ?(mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).
12	Robert ?Koch Institute	Germany, ?Berlin		The ?facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, ?2008.
13	Bernhard ?Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine	Germany, ?Hamburg
14	Friedrich ?Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems	Germany, ?Isle of Riems (Greifswald)	2010	Deals ?especially with virology
15	Philipps ?University of Marburg	Germany, ?Marburg	2008	The ?facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms
16	High ?Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)	India, ?Bhopal	1998	This ?facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious ?disease threats.
17	Centre ?for Cellular and Molecular Biology	India, ?Hyderabad	2009	National ?Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & ?Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine.
18	All ?India Institute of Medical Sciences	India, ?New Delhi	1993	Conducts ?studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new ?strains & vaccines.
19	Microbial ?Containment Complex	India, ?Pune	2012	Bio-Safety ?Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of ?Science & Technology
20	Azienda ?Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco	Italy, ?Lombardy, Milan		A ?university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles ?for transporting infectious persons.
21	Istituto ?Nazionale Malattie Infettive	Italy, ?Lazio, Rome		This ?facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within ?the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital.
22	National ?Institute for Infectious Diseases	Japan, ?Tokyo, Musashimurayama		Located ?at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this ?lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to ?perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and ?communities.
23	Institute ?of Physical and Chemical Research	Japan, ?Ibaraki, Tsukuba		This ?is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.
24	Netherlands ?National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)	Netherlands, ?Bilthoven	2009
25	Cantacuzino ?Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)	Romania, ?Bucharest
26	"Dr. ?Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital	Romania, ?Bucharest
27	State ?Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR	Russia, ?Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo		It ?is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The ?other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.
28	National ?Institute for Communicable Diseases	South ?Africa, Johannesburg		National ?Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only ?two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent.
29	Swedish ?Institute for Communicable Disease Control	Sweden, ?Solna		Swedish ?Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility.
30	University ?Hospital of Geneva	Switzerland
31	Spiez ?Laboratory	Switzerland, ?Spiez
32	Kwen-yang ?Laboratory (昆陽(yáng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室) Center of Disease Control	Taiwan		Part ?of the Department of Health, Taiwan.
33	Preventive ?Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense	Taiwan
34	Health ?Protection Agency's Centre for Infections	United ?Kingdom, Colindale		Located ?in the Viral Zoonosis unit.
35	National ?Institute for Medical Research	United ?Kingdom, London
36	Institute ?for Animal Health	United ?Kingdom, Pirbright
37	Institute ?for Animal Health Compton Laboratory	United ?Kingdom, Compton
38	Defence ?Science and Technology Laboratory	United ?Kingdom, Porton Down
39	Health ?Protection Agency	United ?Kingdom, Porton Down		Special ?Pathogens Reference Unit.
40	Health ?Protection Agency	United ?Kingdom, Porton Down		Botulism.
41	Francis ?Crick Institute [22]	United ?Kingdom, London		Under ?construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents.
42	Centers ?for Disease Control and Prevention	United ?States, Georgia, Atlanta		Currently ?operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially ?hold smallpox.
43	Georgia ?State University	United ?States, Georgia, Atlanta		Is ?an older design "glovebox" facility.
44	National ?Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University	United ?States, Kansas, Manhattan		Under ?construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, ?and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 ?facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed.
45	National ?Institutes of Health (NIH)	United ?States, Maryland, Bethesda		Located ?on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.
46	Integrated ?Research Facility	United ?States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under ?construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy ?and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at ?the earliest.
47	National ?Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)	United ?States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under ?construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security.
48	US ?Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United ?States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	1969	Old ?building
49	US ?Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United ?States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	2017?	New ?building, currently under construction
50	National ?Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University	United ?States, Massachusetts, Boston		Under ?construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, ?waiting for regulatory approval.
51	NIAID ?Rocky Mountain Laboratories	United ?States, Montana, Hamilton		National ?Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
52	Kent ?State University, Kent Campus	United ?States, Ohio, Kent		Operates ?as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to ?a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA.
53	Galveston ?National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility	United ?States, Texas, Galveston		Opened ?in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23]
54	Shope ?Laboratory	United ?States, Texas, Galveston		Operated ?by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB).
55	Texas ?Biomedical Research Institute	United ?States, Texas, San Antonio		The ?only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.
56	Division ?of Consolidated Laboratory Services	United ?States, Virginia, Richmond		This ?facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of ?Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity.

（表中內(nèi)容參考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4 制作）

如上表所示，這56個(gè)生物安全頂級(jí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陸只有兩個(gè)，分別位于南非和加蓬。單論國(guó)家而言，美國(guó)最多，有15個(gè)，其中包括一個(gè)正在建設(shè)中的、隸屬軍隊(duì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，還包括一個(gè)歸私人所有的P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室（位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute，德州生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所），該P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室的私人屬性（而非歸國(guó)家所有）恐怕不僅在美國(guó)絕無(wú)僅有，恐怕在世界范圍內(nèi)都是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。

從上表可以看出，我國(guó)唯一的一個(gè)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，位于中科院武漢病毒所。僅僅這一個(gè)獨(dú)苗，目前尚且沒(méi)有建成，俗話說(shuō)“十年磨一劍”，但是這個(gè)“劍”已經(jīng)磨了11年目前還不知何時(shí)才能正式磨成。根據(jù)《第一財(cái)經(jīng)日?qǐng)?bào)》的報(bào)道，“這個(gè)中國(guó)第一個(gè)也是唯一一個(gè)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，前期基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)投入約2億。……武漢P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室目前還沒(méi)有建成，硬件和軟件方面都需要推進(jìn)。…….如果順利的話，到今年年底會(huì)有一個(gè)階段性的成果，但是距離能夠使用還有一段距離。”（參考：http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2014-08-06/01449537048.shtml）現(xiàn)在的埃博拉疫情相信會(huì)推動(dòng)該實(shí)驗(yàn)室的建設(shè)速度。從報(bào)道和上表的內(nèi)容可以看出，我國(guó)目前尚沒(méi)有獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)、建設(shè)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室的能力，核心技術(shù)采用的是法國(guó)的。

值得一提的是，我國(guó)目前人口全球第一、GDP和研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)全球第二，但是居然連一個(gè)已經(jīng)建成使用的P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室都沒(méi)有，應(yīng)該說(shuō)這在國(guó)際上都是很…、說(shuō)不過(guò)去的事情，窮如非洲的加蓬都有一個(gè)（當(dāng)然這個(gè)也是由法國(guó)援建和參與管理的），連經(jīng)濟(jì)和總體科技水平都不如中國(guó)的印度都有4個(gè)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，即使是被許多人貶稱為彈丸之地的中國(guó)臺(tái)灣都有2個(gè)P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，當(dāng)然雖然我們都政治正確地說(shuō)是中國(guó)臺(tái)灣,人家的兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室其實(shí)和中國(guó)大陸沒(méi)有半毛錢關(guān)系，自己根本用不上。

需要說(shuō)明的是, 除了埃博拉病毒必須要在P4實(shí)驗(yàn)室操作外，還有其他一些高致病性病毒，如馬爾堡病毒，拉薩（Lassa）病毒, 克里米亞- 剛果出血熱病毒, 玻利維亞和阿根廷出血熱病毒以及其它出血熱病毒等。

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圖片武漢p4實(shí)驗(yàn)室，來(lái)源網(wǎng)絡(luò)